by W.D.Bauer and Stefan Hartmann released
11.8.97
Abstract:
A flux gate generator was constructed and tested out.
The results of the measurements are reported. They do not falsify the usual
belief in energy conservation. The results are compared with the literature and
possible improvements of the generator are discussed.
1) Introduction
In order to test out the correctness of
previous predictions regarding the behaviour of a Brown-Ecklin generator we
undertook the task to build up a modified flux generator and to test it out.
2) Setup
Acc. to a previous proposal [1] we built up a two
circuit Brown-Ecklin generator. The revolver drum-like rotor housing of the
fluxgate cores was made of plastic and contained four laminated iron cores. One
stator side contained 4 holes for 2cm diameter and 2cm length cylindical
magnets. They could be filled with stronger neodymium magnets of 1 cm length of
3 weaker neodymium magnets of 0.7cm length. The magnetic circuits were closed at
the backside of the magnets by a piece of undefined steal from the stuff. Later
we used two pieces 2cm x 2cm x 6cm PERENORM. The other side of the stator
contained 2 U shaped laminated transformer cores each with two coils wound on
the horseshoe legs. Each coil had about 500 turns (8 layers of wires, 2.2cm coil
length each at the first and lowest layer, 0.8mm diameter wire thickness, inner
resistance of each coil 7-8 Ohm), i.e. per U core 1000 and in sum (if switched
in serie) 2000 turns. The cross section of the horseshoe was 2 x 2 cm2 .The
distance between each U legs was 2cm as well. The material ( firm could not be
identified) had a saturation of probably about 1,5 T which is typical for such
parts used as transformer cores. The driving motor was a LEAR JET capstan motor.
Its efficiency was not specified. However, it is known that such motors have
typical efficiencies of 30%(long life version) to 50%(high efficiency versions).
As current source of the motor we used a very stable standard electronic
power supply in the voltage regulation mode. As load of the generator we used
usual electronic resistors switched in serie on a board.
For measurement of
input motor voltage and current we used two standard 4.5 digit multimeter. The
output voltage and frequency of the generator was measured by HAMEG scopes
(20Mhz bandwidth and higher). The frequency was controled additionally by a
multimeter containing a frequency counter. Some pictures of the generator are
shown in fig.2a - ???. The complete interconnections of all instruments are
shown in fig.3.
Tab.1: list of used materials
iron cores:
material:VACOMAX, firm:VACUUMSCHMELZE, ~200000,
saturation 0.7 T, each core 36 lamellas of 0.5mm thickness isolated by grafitti
paint from a spray dose, length 5cm of lammellas, diameter of the core~2cm;the
iron was baked out 5h under H2 at 1100 degree Celsius for 5 hours
magnets:
a) strong neodymiums: NE 201 from IBS[2]; energy
product E x H =250 kJ/m, remanence Br=1.2T, diameter, 2cm length 1cm
b) weaker neodymiums: NA 002 from IBS[2]; energy product E x H =80
kJ/m, remanence Br=680mT, diameter 2cm, length 0.77cm
irons to close the flux:
material: PERENORM
firm:VACUUMSCHMELZE, saturation 1.5T
motor:
LEAR JET capstan motor part nr. 357-9102-001 type CDM
ID 131039
typical data: 24V DC; without load:108mA, 4640 rpm; with load:
450mA, 3400 rpm
3) Experiment and results
The experiment was designed in the
following way: we used the generator as a tool to measure the efficiency of the
capstan motor. We measured the efficiency of the motor acc. to the definition
netto efficiency = (power output) / (netto power input)
where netto power input = input with load - input without load. Input loads (DC current!) were calculated acc. to P=U.I where P= power, U=voltage and I=current. In order to include the inner resistance of the coil the output power of the generator was approximated acc. to
If a diode was in the circuit the circuit we used the formula
If we get efficiencies significantly higher than expected for these motors
then energy conservation in the usual sense would be falsified and overunity of
the generator is probable.
After the first playing around we saw that
maximum output was achieved if the airgap between the U shaped coil cores and
the flux cores was bigger (i.e. 5.6mm)and tight (i.e. 0.5mm) between the magnets
and the rotor. All coils were switched in serie. Furthermore, it was important
that the left magnets of the circuit had the same polarity and the right magnets
the opposite (contrary to fig. 1). We used strong and weaker neodymium magnets,
but the measurements were done with the weaker ones because this reduces
mechanical losses by vibrations. All measurements were done at constant 1875 rpm
(i.e. 31.25Hz) which is equivalent to a AC current of 125Hz from the generator
seen at the scope screen shown in fig. 4
The complete copy of the protocol
in chronologial order of the relevant measurements can be found in the appendix.
Fig.5a-c shows efficiency vs. resistance calculated from our first measurements
from 14.6.97 measured with or without a diode in the circuit in each direction,
comp.appendix. After this measurements we saw that the value of the input power
without load shifted with time due to a slight wandering of the lammellas in the
core and other imperfections of construction. Therefore, we calculated worst and
best case efficiencies taking the better (higher) value and the more worse
(lower) value of input power without load- measured before or after the
measurements under load. The deviations of these values were the most biggest
factor responsible for the error bars of measurement, therefore we neglected the
other factors.
We saw that the efficiency was slightly (significant?)
enhanced with diodes but the direction of the diode polarisation seemed to be
insignificant. Some efficiency values were higher than 50%.
Because we got
best values of higher than usual capstan motor efficiencies we had a closer look
to this values and measured alternatively under load and without load at the
most promising resistance values, comp. data in appendix from 6.7.97. Now, the
efficiencies were about 40% .
Another interesting feature could be seen at
decreasing low load resistances, comp. data in appendix from 12.7.97: Although
the load decreases and the current rises the power to drive the motor decreases
indicating lower back torque of the stator coils at higher current. However, it
is clear from these measurements that the power delivered from the coils under
this conditions decreases as well.
4) Discussion
Acc. to our generator measurements we found no
region of significant overunity efficiency which would falsify the usual belief
in energy conservation. However, the AC wave form shows an assymmetry which has
been calculated qualitatively previously. Surely the wave form could be made
more similar to the form calculated if the distance between the rotor cores (or
the diameter of rotation) would be bigger during one revolution. Therefore, we
believe that our model ansatz is correct principally although it needs
modification to be numerically correct.
However, the output energy values
calculated by the theory deviate a order of magnitude from the reality measured
here. It is clear that the model presented has the weak point that the model
network of magnetic resistances has been assumed with only less backing by a
three dimensional field calculation. Furthermore, the non-linear behaviour of
the cores is neglegted. Therefore, we see the following possibilities to
increase the efficiency of the generator:
1) Possibly the back torque of the
horsehoe coils is too high because the saturation of the cores is too high
compared with the flux which can go through the rotor cores. If we can calculate
typical currents of 40mA and higher in the coils the H-field of the coils is
~10A/cm which means that the iron (typ. saturation values 1A/cm) of the U cores
would be in saturation at 1.5T where the coils are.
2) By reducing the
length of the rotating iron cores the magnetic dipol moment of the core can be
reduced as well. As a consequence the torque exerted on the flux gate cores
should decrease as well.
If we compare our results with the known facts and
summarize than we have to say that our measurements do not falsify the
conservative belief in energy conservation which is contrary to other
observations which claim to have measured "negative" incremental efficiencies
which is quite contrary to usual energy conservation because these generators
accelerate if power is drawn from it. (However, until now, no generator is known
which have absolute efficiency = output/input grater than 1.) Some of such
observations were made by Marinov [3](recently deceased). Acc.to his
considerations and observations it is important to have big coils (i.e. big
inductivities in the circuit) to shift the phase of the current in the coil that
Lenz's law inverses in effect and the generator becomes self-accelerating.
Futhermore, the effect exists only at higher rpm. Some of Marinov constructions
can be found in fig.6a-???. Greg Watson [4] means that it is
important to have a magnetic design which makes sure that the flux gates are
attracted by the coil under current during the closing phase of the magnetic
cycle.
Similar observations of negative incremental efficiency has been made
by Pete J. Aldo [5] who used another so called SAG-flux gate design proposed by
Brown [6].
Therefore, we believe that the problem of the energy balance in
electromechanic enngieering is still open for further research.
Acknowledgement: We thank Mr. Thiede for doing the biggest part of the mechanic work.
Bibliography:
[1] W.D. Bauer The
Brown-Ecklin Overunity Generator - A Theoretical Analysis
[2]Magnetismus - Dauermagnete Werkstoffe und System
Catalog by IBS
Magnet Ing.K.H.Schroeter Kurfuerstenstr.92 D-12105 Berlin
[3] S. Marinov
all references below are self publications of S.
Marinov at "East-West Publishers" Graz Austria
1)The thorny way of truth IV 1991 p.8
The perpetuum mobile "Il
nicolino di Veneto" VENETIN COLIU
2)Deutsche Physik Vol.1 No.1 1992 p.40
The self accelerating
generator VENETIN COLIU
3)Deutsche Physik Vol.2 No.5 1993 p.5
When will the self
accelerating generator VENETIN COLIU become a perpetuum mobile ?
4) Deutsche
Physik Vol.2 No.7 1993 p.15
The self accelerating generator VENETIN COLIU VI
5) Deutsche Physik Vol.3 No.10 1994 p.8
The self accelerating
generator VENETIN COLIU VII
6) Deutsche Physik Vol.3 No.10 1994 p.37
The generator VENETIN
COLIU VI coupled with a Robert Adams motor
7) Deutsche Physik Vol.3 No.11 p.35
Discovery of an important
additional cause for the anti-Lenz effect in the generator VENETIN COLIU.
[4] Greg Watson's
homepage
description
of the DNMEC generator
[5] Pete J. Aldo, pers. communication
[6]Brown, Paul The magnetic distributor generator 1982
copy of a
report, 1982
entry: Dr. Nieper Gravity Folder
was available from "list
of shielding theory of gravity papers" at
Admiral Ruge Archives of
biophysics and future science
Keith Brewer Library, Richland Center, Wisc.
53581 USA
Appendix: Copy of the protocol of our measurements
data from 14.6.97 below: 125 Hz AC, electric circuit acc. to fig.3 .
1.run: without diode
R /Ohm | Umot / V | Imot / mA | Upeak / V |
INF | 14.557 | 281 | 16 |
396 | 15 | 317 | 14.5 |
374 | 15 | 317 | 14.5 |
352 | 15.001 | 319 | 14 |
330 | 15.001 | 316 | 13.7 |
308 | 14.9388 | 316 | 13.7 |
286 | 14.9388 | 318 | 13.5 |
264 | 15.0363 | 323 | 13 |
242 | 15.0728 | 325 | 13 |
220 | 15.0731 | 324 | 12.7 |
198 | 15.1044 | 328 | 12.3 |
176 | 15.1457 | 335 | 12 |
154 | 15.146 | 336 | 11.3 |
132 | 15.279 | 338 | 10.5 |
110 | 15.328 | 344 | 9.7 |
88 | 15.382 | 344 | 8.7 |
66 | 15.341 | 347 | 7.5 |
44 | 15.305 | 346 | 5.5 |
2.run below : with diode in circuit (direction not identified), other things dito
R /Ohm | Umot / V | Imot / mA | Upeak / V |
INF | 14.34 | 270 | 15.3 |
396 | 14.55 | 287 | 13.3 |
374 | 14.55 | 287 | 13.1 |
352 | 14.513 | 287 | 13 |
330 | 14.513 | 288 | 12.9 |
308 | 14.524 | 291 | 12.8 |
286 | 14.524 | 290 | 12.6 |
264 | 14.521 | 292 | 12.5 |
242 | 14.521 | 292 | 12.3 |
220 | 14.569 | 294 | 12 |
198 | 14.621 | 297 | 11.8 |
176 | 14.622 | 302 | 11.3 |
154 | 14.703 | 301 | 10.8 |
132 | 14.704 | 301 | 10 |
110 | 14.745 | 307 | 9.5 |
88 | 14.746 | 305 | 8.8 |
66 | 14.85 | 311 | 7.3 |
44 | 14.9 | 320 | 5.7 |
3. run below: with diode in circuit (direction opposed to last run), other things dito
R /Ohm | Umot / V | Imot / mA | Upeak / V |
INF | 14.331 | 276 | 13.5 |
396 | 14.54 | 290 | 13.5 |
374 | 14.54 | 291 | 13.5 |
352 | 14.54 | 288 | 13.2 |
330 | 14.54 | 290 | 13 |
308 | 14.57 | 289 | 13 |
286 | 14.62 | 293 | 12.6 |
264 | 14.62 | 296 | 12.4 |
242 | 14.62 | 293 | 12.3 |
220 | 14.62 | 297 | 12.1 |
198 | 14.71 | 302 | 11.8 |
176 | 14.71 | 303 | 11.4 |
154 | 14.71 | 302 | 11 |
132 | 14.71 | 307 | 10.2 |
110 | 14.82 | 311 | 9.5 |
88 | 14.82 | 311 | 8.6 |
66 | 14.93 | 319 | 7.4 |
44 | 15.01 | 325 | 5.8 |
INF | 14.15 | 272 | 15.2 |
Run from 6.7.97 below: now with PERENORM at the back side of the magnets,
other things dito
notations: 0 =no diode, + =diode one direction, - =diode
opposite direction;
R /Ohm | Umot / V | Imot / mA | Upeak / V | efficiency/% | diode |
INF | 14.755 | 289 | 17.5 | -- | 0 |
352 | 15.041 | 312 | 14.5 | 39-30 | + |
INF | 14.633 | 287 | 17.5 | -- | 0 |
INF | 14.66 | 282 | 17.5 | -- | 0 |
352 | 15.008 | 310 | 14.5 | 33-40 | - |
INF | 14.642 | 288 | 17.5 | -- | 0 |
352 | 14.953 | 310 | 14.5 | 41-40 | + |
INF | 14.609 | 288 | 17.5 | -- | 0 |
352 | 14.904 | 310 | 14.5 | 41-40 | - |
INF | 14.629 | 287 | 17.5 | -- | 0 |
INF | 14.5 | 285 | 17.5 | -- | 0 |
330 | 14.87 | 310 | 14.5 | 38-34 | + |
INF | 14.5 | 284 | 17.5 | -- | 0 |
330 | 14.835 | 309 | 14.5 | 36-35 | - |
INF | 14.445 | 284 | 17.5 | -- | 0 |
330 | 14.832 | 309 | 14.5 | 35-34 | + |
INF | 14.423 | 283 | 17.5 | -- | 0 |
330 | 14.817 | 287 | 14.5 | 35-39 | - |
INF | 14.469 | 287 | 17.5 | -- | 0 |
396 | 14.788 | 308 | 15 | 42 | + |
INF | 14.459 | 287 | 17.5 | -- | 0 |
396 | 14.781 | 307 | 15 | 44-39 | - |
INF | 14.43 | 285 | 17.5 | -- | 0 |
396 | 14.76 | 307 | 15 | 40 | + |
INF | 14.42 | 285 | 17.5 | -- | 0 |
396 | 14.765 | 307 | 15 | 40 | - |
data from 12.7.97 (no diode) measurement at low resistances
R /Ohm | Umot / V | Imot / mA | Upeak / V | AC/ Hz |
INF | 14.77 | 347 | 16.5 | 125 |
22 | 15.86 | 423 | 3.3 | 125 |
INF | 14.68 | 337 | 16.5 | 125 |
11 | 15.71 | 420 | 1.75 | 125 |
INF | 14.77 | 329 | 16.5 | 125 |
INF | 14.73 | 318 | 16.5 | 125 |
44 | 15.916 | 403 | 5.8 | 125 |
22 | 15.889 | 408 | 3 | 125 |
11 | 15.889 | 400 | 1.6 | 126 |
22 | 15.889 | 401 | 3 | 125 |
11 | 15.889 | 398 | 1.6 | 126 |